黑料网

Department of Sociology

Professors Emeriti:听Alma M. Garcia, Marilyn Fernandez, Charles H. Powers

Professors: Margaret Hunter, Laura Nichols (Department Chair), Enrique S. Pumar (Fay Boyle Professor), Laura Robinson

Associate Professors:听Patrick Lopez-Aguado

Assistant Professors:听Di Di, Molly M. King

Senior Lecturer:听Cara Chiaraluce

The Department of Sociology equips students to engage in positive social change to transform the world around them. Sociology at 黑料网 capitalizes on the diversity of research methods and approaches that prepare students to pursue a range of professional opportunities and/or enter a number of fields of graduate study. 黑料网 Sociology awakens the 鈥渟ociological imagination鈥� in each of us and our collective ability to play a role in shaping both our own lives and the society we share at home and in the world around us. Students may also choose to concentrate in one or more Concentrations in the major. See the department website for more information.

Requirements for the Major

In addition to fulfilling undergraduate Core Curriculum requirements for the bachelor of science degree, students majoring in sociology must complete the following departmental requirements:

• SOCI 1
• SOCI 35, 118, 119, 120, 198
• SOCI 121 or 122
• Eight electives

Choose 8 upper-division sociology electives

OR

• Seven upper-division sociology electives and one lower-division elective from among the following: SOCI 30, 33, 49, 60, 65, 91, and 99

Requirements for the Minor

Students must fulfill the following requirements for a minor in sociology:

• SOCI 1, 35, 119
• And your choice:

• Choose 1 of SOCI 30, 33, 49, 60, 65, 91, 99, and 3 upper division sociology electives
• OR Choose 4 upper-division sociology electives (that may include Soci 198)

Lower-Division Courses

1. Principles of Sociology

Introduces students to the field of sociology. Emphasis on the major sociological perspectives and the basic elements of sociological analysis. Introductory exposure to research methodology. (4 units)

11A. and 12A. Cultures & Ideas I and II

This two-course sequence focuses on a major theme in human experience and culture over a significant period of time. Courses emphasize either broad global interconnections or the construction of Western culture in its global context. Soci 11A will cover disruption of global cultures in the context of transformative shift, and听Soci 12A will cover emerging global cultures in the age of the internet. Successful completion of C&I I (SOCI 11A) is a prerequisite for C&I II (SOCI 12A). (4 units each quarter)

30. Self, Community, and Society

Explores a specific topic related to the self, community, and society. Use of sociological theories, research, community-based learning, and civic engagement activities to help students analyze and explore the role of the individual in influencing community and society as well as how the individual is shaped by these entities. (4 units)

33. Social Problems in the United States

Provides an overview of contemporary social problems in the United States from a sociological perspective with a major emphasis on the ways race, class, and gender shape the development of specific social problems and the public policies offered to address them. Topics may include the economy,听economic dislocation, resource deprivation, and social inequalities. (4 units)

35. Introduction to Research Design and Methods

Introduces students to the logic and basic methods of sociological research. The focus is on research methods used regularly by sociologists听such as听participant observation, interviewing, and surveys/statistical analysis. Through a combination of readings and exercises, students will be exposed to a few of sociology鈥檚 best practices using each of these methods, as well as how to collect data appropriate听to the nature of a project. We will reflect on research ethics and on opportunities for integrating quantitative and qualitative methods throughout the course. Students will gain an understanding of research design, earn IRB Certification, and learn to write a research proposal. (4 units)

49. Media, Tech, and Society

Examines the reciprocal听impacts of media, tech,听and 听society, as well as the roles of individuals, groups, institutions, and/or culture on the development, reception, use, and/or deployment of media and听technology. Looks at the transforming or potentially transforming effects of media and tech on society. (4 units)

60. Social Entrepreneurship鈥擫eading Change

This interdisciplinary course examines social entrepreneurship and innovation in the context of global and local social issues.. Students learn to apply design听thinking to innovate solutions听to social problems with an emphasis on grassroots or community-centered problem solving.听(4 units)

65. Crime and Delinquency

Broadly surveys major issues surrounding the causes and nature of, and solutions to, the problem of crime and delinquency in the United States. (4 units)

91. Lower-Division Seminar in Sociology

Seminar for first-year students and sophomores on selected issues in sociology. May be repeated once for credit if the topic听changes. Prerequisite: By permission of the instructor and sociology chair only. (4 units)

99. Sociology of Religion

Using early and American Christianity as examples, this class examines how various social forces shape the religious beliefs and practices of people of faith. In particular it draws on a number of sociological perspectives, looking both at their historical and philosophical underpinnings and at what they can tell us about religious growth, faith in the modern world, and religiously inspired social action. (4 Units)

Upper-Division Courses: Theory, Methods, and Capstone

118. Qualitative Methods

This course provides students with an understanding of qualitative methods for social research by focusing on (1), a selection of qualitative methods and techniques in sociology; and (2), considerations for carrying out high-quality qualitative research. Students gain hands-on experience by producing a qualitative research project. Prerequisites: SOCI 1, 35. (5 units)

119. Sociological Theory

Introduces students to a broad range of sociological theories and investigates the social, cultural, political, economic, and technological changes that inspired them. This course is intentional about including theorists who were previously excluded from the canon. Uses an intersectional perspective to help explain how various social systems (capitalism, modernity, racism, colonialism, bureaucracy, patriarchy) work together to create our social world, and how people resist those systems in words and actions. 听(5 units)

120. Survey Research and Statistical Analysis

Applies quantitative research designs and statistics to examine sociologically relevant research questions empirically, with attention to the scientific reasoning behind quantitative methodology. Statistical analyses conducted using a statistical package such as SPSS. Prerequisites: SOCI 1, 35. (5 units)

121. Research Capstone

Using social science expertise gained in their sociology methods classes, students implement a sociological research project that brings together theoretical and research perspectives. This course is restricted to sociology majors and minors. Prerequisites: SOCI 1, 35, 118, 119, and 120. (5 units)

122. Applied Capstone

Using skills gained in their methods classes, students implement an applied research project and learn about the use of applied research in a variety of settings (such as workplaces, non-profits, or other organizations). Students learn to identify problems and generate research-based solutions in areas such as policy, interventions, user-focused design, and/or human service provision etc. 听Sociology majors only. Prerequisites: SOCI 1, 35, 118, 119, and 120. (5 units)

Upper-Division Courses: Professional Development in Sociology

195. Silicon Valley Seminar

Students will be professionalized to disseminate their work in a scholarly venue such as a conference and/or publication. Prerequisites: SOCI 118, SOCI 119, SOCI 120, SOCI 121 or SOCI 122 and recommendation of faculty. (5 units)

198. Public Sociology

Presents an opportunity for students with junior or senior standing to reflect on their sociological insights gained as a public sociologists, develop professional skills, and apply sociological training to a specific field experience/internship. Students will participate in a range of civic engagement and professionalization assignments that encourage students to use their 听sociological imagination. The course may be repeated to earn upper division credits with a maximum of 10 units counted towards the major/minor as two elective courses. (5 Units)

Upper-Division Electives

109. Sociology of Education

Introduces students to the main issues in the sociology of education, including the role of individuals, different types of schools and organizations, community, and policy. Students will analyze their own educational trajectories and understand the experiences of others by engaging in a community-based learning placement and reflecting on their observations and by analyzing data from schools and neighborhoods. The education system in the United States will be the main focus, with some opportunities for cross-cultural analysis. This course requires that students meet all the qualifications for enrolling in and completing an Arrupe placement. (5 units)

126. Intersectionality: Principles and Praxis

How do categorical identities, including race, gender, class, sexuality, disability, etc., work together to create our lived experiences? What is the use of intersectionality as a buzzword, or public concept, in contemporary struggles for social recognition, integration, and equity? This course is an introduction to thinking about intersectionality, as a theoretical frame, a description of lived experience, and method of praxis. It will examine the history and application of intersectionality from black women's movements of the 1970s, to its codification in legal theory, to current scholarship and activism that have intersectionality and intersectional experiences at their core. Also listed as WGST 125. (5 Units)

127. Group Dynamics

Explores the structure and social processes of socialization in small and large groups. Concepts such as power and prestige, leadership, communication networks, collaboration and conflict, game theory, and distributive justice are examined. (5 units)

127A. Leadership4Good: Ethics and Social Justice

Students examine sociological approaches to ethics and social issues. Students practice being "public sociologists" by enlisting research to encourage individual and societal decisions that are ethical and justice-oriented when considering potential solutions to social problems. (5 units)

128. Faith, Facts, and Filters: Spirituality, Ethics, and Digital Landscapes

In this course, students learn about religion, science, and technology from a social scientific perspective. Social scientific theory and data about human behavior and societies will enable us to make more well-informed decisions about our civic and professional lives. In this course, students will develop an understanding of how the social sciences produce knowledge in distinctive ways and gain experiences in assessing theory and evidence with a specific focus on the intersection between religion, science, and technology. (5 units)

129. Research Teams and Professional Futures 听

Involves intensive professionalization opportunities to work in project teams with faculty on research projects of the instructors鈥� choosing. May be taken multiple times for credit. If taken twice for two quarters for four units total it may count as one sociology elective towards the major or minor. Written instructor approval necessary for registration. (2 units)

130. Design Thinking for Sustainable Social Justice

This course examines social entrepreneurship and innovation in the context of global and local social issues. It engages skills including creativity, critical and ethical thinking, reflection, leadership, empathy, and teamwork. Students learn design thinking skills to become innovators and problem solvers. (5 units)

131. 听Sociology of Gender

Gender is a central organizing principle in social relations, giving rise to institutional and social practices that distinguish between men and women on the basis of apparent difference and inequality. This course develops the sociological analysis of gender systems in contemporary American society. In this course, we will critically examine the multiple ways that gender (and connections between gender, race, and sexuality) structures the social world in which we live, and the way that race and sexuality interact with gender. Also listed as WGST 132 (5 units)

132. Inequality and the American Dream

This course examines how inequality has emerged and is sustained in American society, and how it has contributed to the creation of a social hierarchy鈥攖hat is, the process of social stratification. We will specifically examine this phenomena through the lenses of economic class, which is the root of social stratification theory, as well as gender and race. Students will gain tools to critically examine the historical and contemporary operation of social inequality broadly defined and how it relates to the American dream. (5 units)

133. Politics and Society in Developing Societies

Explores social order and political change in developing nations. Content includes the relationship between economic and social development and the emergence of democratic, authoritarian, or revolutionary regimes in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Emphasis is on ways in which the international system influences development through investigation of theories of interdependence, dependency, transnationalism, and globalization. (5 units)

134. Globalization and Inequality

Explores globalization through examination of global cases from diverse international settings. Foci may include but are not limited to: innovation as a process that may create new opportunities for some and new forms of disadvantage for others; social change associated with different challenges and technologies as drivers of change.. 听(5 units)

135. Social Change in Latin America

Examines processes of social change, revolutions, and social mobilization in Latin America, and the participation of different groups鈥搃ncluding women鈥搃n cultural production, politics, national development, etc. 听Case studies are chosen by the instructor. Also listed as WGST 128. (5 units)

136. Sociology of Sexualities

This course examines sexuality and the various theoretical and methodological approaches that have been used in sociological studies of sexuality, including those that guide sexuality-related analyses of identities, practices, and behaviors; power and politics; sexual interaction and social relations (at the micro and macro levels); morality and social control; and intersectionality. Such explorations include examining the history of sexuality in the West, and social and academic debates on sexuality, including the types of evidence used to support various theoretical and/or political conclusions that impact particular groups of people differently. (5 units).

137. Global Development and Social Change

Examines how conflicts and significant social, economic, and political trends and issues in contemporary United States society and in the world听contribute to social change, global migration, and refugee movements. The course discusses contemporary sociological concepts, principles, theories, and applications for understanding population movements as they search for social justice around the world. (5 units)

138. International Sociology

Using international case studies, students will understand historical and current trends such as popular culture and media, global trends and change, as well as critical social, cultural, economic, and environmental factors. They will also critically听learn about local, global, and glocal听processes. (5 units)

139. Sports and Society: Controversies and Issues

This course introduces the sociological study of sports in society by considering the following questions: 1) How do culture and values influence sports; 2) How do sports influence culture and values; and 3) What is the relationship between sports and the media, politics, economics, race, social class, sexual orientation, and other critical variables sociologists use to understand society. This course will also include discussion of student questions related to sports and society, which will be integrated throughout the course.听The course is thus interested听in听social change in sports as well as social change through sports.听(5 units)

140. Urban Sociology

Involves critical inquiry into urban sociology and theoretical and practical exposure to metropolitan听issues. Explores unresolved paradoxes in how we understand urban life听and the听role of structural and cultural conditions in creating or adding to urban problems听such as the dispersion of marginalization, gentrification, displacement, crime, housing, and the social organization of urban America. (5 units)

141. Climate Justice 听听

How does climate change affect people differently across the U.S. and the world and what can we do about it? Sociology can help us understand the challenges of climate change and its disproportionate burdens on marginalized communities. We will briefly review climate science, but the core themes of the course concern questions about economics and social justice, power and institutions, and the possibility of creating new, more sustainable ways of living on earth. By incorporating principles of sustainability, we will learn to understand the interrelated spheres of social, environmental, and economic research and action that compose climate justice. (5 units)

142. Change Agents and Tech4Good听

This course will examine how students can become change agents and work in leadership positions and/or effective teams. Examining different case studies, students will probe the transformation enacted by using frugal technologies, design thinking, social entrepreneurship, and other vehicles for positive social change. Topical areas of inquiry may include but are not limited to sustainability, innovation, social mobility, wellbeing, and/or diverse costs/benefits of varied technologies. (5 units)

143. Social Media and Mindfulness: Spirituality and Diversity 听

This course explores the diverse manifestations of spirituality in US society, including its presentation on digital platforms, such as TikTok and YouTube. 听In this course, equipped with robust methodological tools, students will explore the innovative practices of religion, spirituality, mindfulness, and the reinforcement of social inequalities through religion. Students will also develop understandings on how to leverage religion to combat with social inequalities, and promote diversity on and off digital platforms. 听(5 units)

144. Sociology of Belonging and Community 听

Students consider the current research on belonging and loneliness, specifically how the combination of identity, social context and connections, and communities influence belonging. The role of community service, policy, and civic-engagement as individual pursuits and collective contributors to belonging will also be explored. As part of the course, students will engage in a community-based learning placement to learn from others the role that communities and community-based organizations play in helping members and participants feel part of communities and design a participatory program to build community. (5 units)

145. Popular Culture in the Era of Mass Imprisonment

In this class students will examine how popular culture in the era of mass imprisonment (approximately 1970-present) has socialized, reflected, and resisted the discourses central to driving and legitimizing the expansion of carceral control. We will discuss how particular tropes and narratives about crime and justice have been used to justify increasing police budgets and legal powers, as well as magnify restrictions and penalties against criminalized communities. Students will explore the ways that these stories and images have been represented in various forms of media (particularly film and television), and learn to connect these representations to the politics of carceral expansion prevalent at the time. Throughout this course we will discuss how storytelling, evolving technology, and cultural/artistic movements have been essential for convincing the public to see criminal threats as real and restrictive social control as necessary; at the same time, these have also been key for artists and organizers seeking to challenge the logic of law-and-order politics, reflect the experiences of those most impacted by these politics, or defend their communities from carceral state violence. (5 units)

148. Diversity Issues in Contemporary American Organizations

Offers a serious exploration of both the ethical and practical challenges posed by the diversity of stakeholder interests in organizations. Critical reflection on the implications of client-centered approaches to organizational activity for people working in organizations, and also for structure, culture, communication, and process in those organizations. Requires a community-based learning placement working alongside and/or in the service of persons who are marginalized in the local community. (5 units)

149. Tech, Innovation, and Culture

Examines the interplay between tech, innovation, and culture. Explores the impact of society on the development of science/technology and the potential reciprocal influences of scientific and technological innovation on culture and society. (5 units)

150. Immigrant Entrepreneurship and Experiences

Immigrant businesses represent a growing sector within the United States economy and contribute to social, political, and cultural changes in the United States. Examines the development and significance of immigrant business owners and the communities clusters within which these听businesses are located including Silicon Valley. Also listed as ETHN 170. (5 units)

152. Work, Culture, 听and Society in the 21st Century

This course examines socioeconomic variation in work practices across cultures, and socities. 听Foci may include mobility and opportunity, wealth and wage gaps, labor markets and unions, and family and gender dynamics. Also listed as WGST 181. (5 units)

153. Race, Class, and Gender in the United States

Examines the sociological nature of the intersectionality of race/ethnicity, social class, and gender by focusing on the interrelationships among social institutions, power relationships, and cultural patterns. May also focus on the impact of popular culture on the social construction of social identities. Also listed as ETHN 151 and WGST 115. (5 units)

154. Inequality, Poverty, and Social Policy in the United States

Over the last several decades, inequality in the U.S. has increased substantially. Why has this happened, and what can be done about it? This course examines the causes and consequences of U.S. poverty and inequality, and explores strategies for addressing it. The course will begin by surveying the basic features of poverty, income and wealth inequality, and economic mobility in the 21st century. We cover the major theoretical explanations scholars have advanced to explain the persistence of poverty and inequality including labor markets, healthcare, and education, housing and neighborhoods, and more. Students will engage in different forms of policy-relevant writing and discussion, including debates, policy proposals, and letters to policymakers. (5 Units)

155. Children, Youth, & Society

This course examines the complexities associated with being a young person in America today from a sociological perspective. Course begins by examining the meanings of childhood and adolescence from a historical perspective, and how and why these meanings have changed over time. Then, the course is organized around the primary structures of inequality and how these axes intersect to inform diverse experiences of childhood in America today. (5 units)

157. Sociology of Family

Examines the socio-historical development of American marriage and family as complex and dynamic social institutions, with emphasis on the ways in which private and public spheres interact.. Topics may include dating, relationship, and family formation; marriage, childhood and parenting; divorce, gender, work, and family; and U.S. family policy. 听Also listed as WGST 182. (5 units)

158. Deviance and Social Control

Examines how the designation of communities and behaviors as deviant reinforces power hierarchies and forms of social control. Topics may include eating disorders, relationship abuse, child abuse, sexual harassment, substance abuse, and others. Theoretical perspectives could include classical and contemporary, critical theory, feminist theory, critical race theory, etc. (5 units)

159. Crime and Punishment

Examines criminal behavior on the aggregate level and its effects in the United States and other societies. Topics may include violent and nonviolent forms of criminality, as well as political violence and terrorism听or corporate crimes听etc.. Theoretical emphases may include classical,contemporary, critical, and social justice perspectives. (5 units)

160. Law and Society

Surveys classical and contemporary sociological theories of law and society. Topics typically include the social construction of law; law and capitalism; law and social solidarity; gender, race, and class inequality and the law; and private/public divisions and the law. (5 units)

161. The Criminal Justice Systems

Examines criminal justice systems in the United States and other countries from a comparative perspective. Topics typically include law enforcement, the courts, corrections (prisons and probation), and juvenile criminal justice systems. Theoretical emphasis on classical and contemporary critical and social justice perspectives. (5 units)

162. Gender and Justice

Includes topics relevant to gender and justice related to criminology and criminal justice systems, with a particular emphasis on the experiences of women and justice. Also listed as WGST 188. (5 units)

163. Leisure, Culture, and Work

Examines the evolution of leisure and work in industrial as well as pre-and/or 听postindustrial societies. Foci may include听conceptions of work, group influences, and cultural shifts.听The course also covers how new technologies and flexible work schedules impact relationships and personal leisure. (5 units)

164. Social Movements

The course focuses on why some people join movements, when others do not, how technology affects movement building, how movements work with organizations to mobilize resources, why political actors and context matter, and how framing significantly affects movement success. The course focuses on several major social movements including the Civil Rights Movement, the Feminist Movement, Gay Liberation Movements, Disability Justice, Immigrant Rights Movements, Black Lives Matter, and recent Far Right Movements (5 units).

165. Human Services

Provides an introduction to the field of human services. Topics include the connections between societal understanding of social problems, programs, and policies; work and management issues in public and nonprofit human service agencies; human services in a multicultural context; and opportunities to learn through community-based placements serving marginalized communities and from human service professionals. (5 units)

168. Democracy, Populism, Authoritarianism

Involves analysis of power relations in the United States and examination of different dimensions of power and popular participation from a comparative perspective. Particular emphasis is on the development of state-society relations, legitimation, strategies of resistance, and civil society. (5 units)

172. Management of Health Care听Organizations

Explores the sociological and practical issues of operations, financing, and management in organizations providing services for people with health problems (organizations such as nursing homes and hospitals) or people with infirmities (organizations such as senior care centers and assisted living facilities). Also listed as PHSC 172. (5 units)

175. Race and Inequality

Examines the racial/ethnic inequality that African, Asian, Hispanic, and Native Americans and other groups experience in contemporary United States society. This course covers theories of race and ethnicity, examines empirical research on a range of topics (poverty, social class, assimilation, identity, segregation, stereotyping), and explores the meaning and consequences for racial/ethnic inequality in the future. Also listed as ETHN 167. (5 units)

176. Care and Dignity Across the Lifecourse

A survey of public policy issues particularly care and care work. Includes consideration of the legal aspects of death and dying, involuntary commitment, guardianship and conservatorship, age discrimination, public benefit programs, and nursing homes. (5 units)

180. Immigrant Communities

Explores the impact of immigration to the United States, particularly the effect of the immigration reform law of 1965 that resulted in large increases in immigration to the United States, particularly from Latin America and Asia. This wave of immigrants and their U.S.鈥�born children has significantly changed the fabric of American society. Examines case studies of immigrants and the second generation from Cuba, Mexico, Central America, Vietnam, and the Caribbean Basin听using comparative sociological perspectives and theories of community formation . Also listed as ETHN 171. (5 units)

181. Power of Pop Culture and Innovation

From social media to major sporting events to music festivals and beyond, this course unpacks the power of popular culture in our everyday lives with attention to key sociological themes such as status, identity, and power. Students will explore how diverse forms of popular culture depend on technological innovation and diffusion, as well as how popular culture can initiate societal change. From influencers to athletes to musicians, topics may include but are not limited to music, movies and TV, art, fashion, dance, cyberculture, sports, etc. Current phenomena chosen by instructor with case studies such as TikTok, Super Bowl, and Coachella (5 units)

182. Entrepreneurship, Consumer Culture, and Social Change听

This course uses the sociological imagination to consider how shopping and consumption have the power to reflect and channel social and cultural change. Considering key case studies (such as Amazon,Shark Tank, and Fast Fashion) students will explore how shopping and consumption are driven by technological change and innovation to consider how shopping, buying, and selling are deeply rooted social practices that tell us much about culture, values, and the influence between society and technology. (5 units)

184. Research in Social Entrepreneurship

Introduces keywords and concepts in social entrepreneurship; business plans and technology strategies used in this field; three economic sectors in which social entrepreneurship has been applied; and tools for reflection upon personal vocation. Prepares students for a summer immersion experience with social entrepreneurs, and for conducting ethnographic research overseas by developing the social and technical skills they will need to work with these enterprises. Enrollment restricted to those selected as Miller Center Lewis Family Fellows. Also listed as ELSJ 134. (5 units)

185. Seminar in Social Entrepreneurship

This course draws upon field experiences of MIller Center Lewis Family fellows and creates opportunities for reflection on their own personal development as leaders, and in the art and science of research. Weekly seminars will consist of fellows presenting their own research and reflections upon their vocation. Research projects will analyze the social impact of the entrepreneurs' work and the role technology plays in providing social benefit. Students will reflect upon their experience of engaging with the communities served by social entrepreneurs, and the implications for their own vocation. Also listed as ELSJ 135. Required prerequisite: ELSJ 134 or SOCI 184 (Research in Social Entrepreneurship). (5 units)

190. Advanced Seminars in Sociology

Seminars for juniors and seniors听in which selected issues in sociological theory听or current problems of social relevance are investigated in depth. Like in any seminar, students who enroll in the course are expected to actively contribute to the examination of the topics at hand.听May be repeated once for credit if the topic听changes. (5 units)

194. Peer Educators

Peer educators in sociology work closely with a faculty member to help students in a course understand course material, think more deeply about course material, benefit from collaborative learning, enhance student confidence in the materials, , and/or to help students enjoy learning. Enrollment is by permission of the instructor. (1 or 2 units)

197. Sociology Research Lab

Sociology Research Lab credit is for students working directly with a sociology faculty member on their research project(s). Students will work on projects up to 10 hours per week, as determined by the faculty research supervisor. Students accepted for the course 听will register via permission number with their supervisor. Can be taken multiple times for credit. 听(1 unit)

199. Directed Reading/Directed Research

Involves intensive reading in areas not emphasized by the department or independent research on specific topics not fully covered in departmental courses. May be repeated once for credit under certain circumstances and with the approval of the sociology chair. Written departmental approval necessary prior to registration. (4-5 units)